The body composition varies with ageing. There are phases where the body grows,
fills (increase in body mass), maintaining, and, finally, declining of the body mass (essentially
derived from aging). The elderly population has a important representation in age
pyramids. Furthermore, this population has come to have a greater representation in the
age pyramids (essentially developed countries). The age-related changes over time lead to
reduced adaptability, changes in functional capacity (such as autonomy and independency)
and even, eventually, death [1].
The sedentarism is associated with the decline of physiological systems. The diseases
increase, the decreasing autonomy, independency and quality of life are typically observed
in aged populations [2]. These mostly result in higher disability levels, dependency, and
higher probability of diseases incidence [3]. With low levels of physical activity, the increase
in body fat levels is the main body composition outcome. Normally, this increase in body
fat is also characterized by an increase in abdominal circumference and reduction in lean
mass (essentially a decrease in muscle mass) [4].
The association between physical activity, exercise and positive health benefits has
been clear [5], with a consensus that individuals physically active seem to enjoy a longer
and better quality life in comparison to less active individuals [1,6]. Additionally, the physically
active lifestyles have been associated with better functioning of the cardiovascular,
respiratory, and muscular systems, as well as reduced risks of morbidity and mortality.
These health-related problems have been identified in obese people with chronic diseases.
Regarding physiology, we found scientific evidence in favour of the contribution
of physical activity as therapeutic strategy to prevent the functional decrease in the cardiovascular
system, sarcopenia, loss in the bone mineral mass density, increased blood
pressure, reduced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, and increased serum triglyceride
levels. Additionally, the physical activity and exercise positively influence age-related
changes in metabolism function; has a protective role against unfavourable changes in
body composition, reducing weight gain, and fat mass and increasing fat-free mass
