Chlorophyll-based coloring extracts obtained from biowaste
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The growing consumers‘ concern about the possible long-term adverse effects of artificial
molecules commonly used in the food industry has led to an increased interest in natural
products. At the same time, there is a demand for a more eco-sustainable use of natural
matrices, which justifies the search for by-products that have no other application to be
explored in the development of new food products [1,2]. In this context, the present study
aimed to explore natural pigments, more specifically chlorophylls, from carrot and tomato
aerial part biowaste for the development of food dyes as they are the most abundant pigments
in plants and have several bioactive properties. In this work, maceration extraction, ME, and
ultrasound assisted extraction, USE, techniques were applied to lyophilized aerial parts of
biowaste to maximize the yield of chlorophyll extraction. For the extraction processes,
priority was given to green solvents, namely water, ethanol (90%), and hexane. The
parameters that affect the recovery of pigments were varied for each technique, more
specifically the time, ultrasonic power, and solvent for USE, and the time and solvent for ME.
The extractions were performed protecting the samples from light and the results were
monitored through the implementation of a new chromatographic method, HPLC coupled to
a diode array detector (DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS), in order to determine the
concentration of chlorophylls and the best procedure to be performed. Both aerial parts
presented chlorophylls and derivatives in significant concentrations and extraction yields of
up to 88% for the ethanol extracts. The chromatographic method applied proved to be
adequate for the analysis of this class of pigments, allowing a good resolution and peak
separation, but also a characteristic TIC spectrum for the tentative identification of
compounds. Therefore, the results of the present study can be exploited for the development
of chlorophyll-based dyes from these biowaste, but also from similar by-products
